Definitions

__// Force and Motion //__ · Force – an action exerted on an object which may change the object’s state of rest or motion. · Inertia – the tendency of an object to resist being moved or, if the object is moving, to resist a change in speed or direction. · Net force – a single force whose external effects on a rigid body are the same as the effects of several actual forces acting on the body. · Equilibrium – the state in which the net force on an object is zero. · Weight – a measure of the gravitational force exhorted on an object; its value can change with the location of the object in the universe. · Normal force – a force that acts on a surface in a direction perpendicular to the surface. · Static friction – the force that resists the initiation of the sliding motion between two surfaces that are in contact and at rest. · Kinetic friction – the force that opposes the movement of two surfaces that are in contact and are sliding over each other. · Coefficient of friction – the ratio of the magnitude of the force of friction between two objects in contact to the magnitude of the normal force with which the objects press against each other. · Vector- a quantity possessing both magnitude and direction, represented by an arrow the direction of which indicates the direction of the quantity and the length of which is proportional to the magnitude. · Scalar- representable by position on a scale or line; having only magnitude · Vector Addition- the process of finding one vector that is equivalent to the result of the successive application of two or more given vectors. · Projectile Motion- Projectile motion refers to the motion of an object projected into the air at an angle. A few examples of this include a soccer ball begin kicked, a baseball begin thrown, or an athlete long jumping.

· Torgue-a quantity that measures the ability of a force to rotate an object around some axis. · Torque Arm- The distance from the point of rotation, or fulcrum, to the point on the where the force is applied. · Angular displacement- the angle through which a point, line, or body is rotated in a specific direction and about a specified axis. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Angular velocity- the rate at which a body rotates about an axis, usually expressed in radians per second. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Angular acceleration- the time rate of change of angular velocity, usually expressed in radians

__// Energy //__ <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Work - the product of the component of a force along the direction of displacement and magnitude of the displacement. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Kinetic energy – the energy of an object that is due to an object’s motion. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Work-kinetic energy theorem – the net work done by all the forces acting on an object is equal to the change in the object’s kinetic energy. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Potential energy – the energy associated with an object because of the position, shape, or condition of the object. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Gravitational potential energy – the potential energy stored in the gravitational fields of interacting bodies. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Elastic potential energy – the energy available for use when a deformed elastic object returns to its original configuration. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Spring constant – a parameter that is a measure of a spring’s resistance to being compressed or stretched. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Mechanical energy – the sum of kinetic energy and all forms of potential energy. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Power – a quantity that measures the rate at which work is done or energy is transformed. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Conservation of energy- the principle that in a system that does not undergo any force from outside the system, the amount of energy is constant, irrespective of its changes in form.

__//Electricity and Magnetism//__ <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Electrical conductor – a material in which charges can move freely. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Electrical insulator – a material in which charges cannot move freely. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Induction – the process of charging a conductor by bringing it near another charged object and grounding the conductor. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Electric field – a region where an electrical force on a test charge can be detected. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Electrical potential energy – potential energy associated with a charge due to its position in an electrical field. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Electric potential – the work that must be performed against electrical forces to move a charge from a reference point to the point in question, divided by the charge. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Potential difference – the work that must be performed against electrical forces to move a charge between the two points in question, divided by the charge. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Capacitance – the ability of a conductor to store energy in the form of electrically separated charges. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Electric current – the rate at which electrical charges pass through a given area. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Drift velocity – the net velocity of a charge carrier moving in an electric field. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Resistance – the opposition presented to electric current by a material or device. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Schematic diagram – a representation of a circuit that uses lines to represent wires and different symbols to represent components. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Electric current – a set of electric components connected such that they provide one or more complete paths for the movement of charges. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Series – describes two or more components of a circuit that provide a single path for current. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Parallel – descries two or more components of a circuit that provide separate conducting paths for current because the components are connected across common points or junctions. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Magnetic domain – a region composed of a group of atoms whose magnetic fields are aligned in the same direction. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Magnetic field – a region in which a magnetic force can be detected. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Solenoid – a long, helically wound coil of insulated wire. __// Waves //__ <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Simple harmonic motion – vibration about an equilibrium position in which a restoring force is proportional to the displacement from equilibrium. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Amplitude – the maximum displacement from equilibrium. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Period – the time that it takes a complete cycle to occur. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Frequency – the number of cycles or vibrations per unit of time. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Medium – a physical environment through which a disturbance can travel. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Mechanical wave –a wave that requires a medium through which to travel. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Transverse wave – a wave whose particles vibrate perpendicularly to the direction the wave is traveling. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Crest – the highest point above the equilibrium position. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Trough – the lowest point below the equilibrium position. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Wavelength – the distance between two adjacent similar points of a wave, such as from crest to crest or from trough to trough. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Longitudinal wave – a wave whose particles vibrate parallel to the direction the wave is traveling. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Constructive interference – a superposition of two or more waves in which the individual displacements on the same side of the equilibrium position are added together to form the resultant wave. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Destructive interference – a superposition of two or more waves in which individual displacements on opposite sides of the equilibrium position are added together to form the resultant wave. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Standing wave – a wave pattern that results when two waves of the same frequency, wavelength, and amplitude travel in opposite directions and interfere. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Node – a point in a standing wave that maintains zero displacement. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Antinode – a point in a standing wave, halfway between two nodes, at which the largest displacement occurs. __// Sound //__ <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Compression – the region of a longitudinal wave in which the density and pressure are at a maximum. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Rarefaction – the region of a longitudinal wave in which the density and pressure at a minimum. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Pitch – a measure of how high or low a sound is perceived to be, depending on the frequency of the sound wave. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Doppler Effect – an observed change in frequency when there is relative motion between the source of waves and an observer. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Intensity – the rate at which energy flows through a unit area perpendicular to the direction of the wave. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Decibel – a dimensionless unit that describes the ratio of two intensities of sound; the threshold of hearing is commonly used as the reference intensity <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Resonance – a phenomenon that occurs when the frequency of a force applied to a system matches the natural frequency of vibration of the system, resulting in a large amplitude of vibration. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Fundamental frequency – the lowest frequency of vibration or standing wave. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Harmonic series – a series of frequencies that includes the fundamental frequency and the integral multiples of the fundamental frequency. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Timbre – the musical quality of a tone resulting from the combination of harmonics present at different intensities. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Beat – the periodic variation in the amplitude of a wave that is the superposition of two waves of slightly different frequencies. __// Light //__ <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Electromagnetic wave – a wave that consists of oscillating electric and magnetic fields, which radiate outward from the source at the speed of light <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Reflection – the change in direction of an electromagnetic wave at a surface that causes it to move away from the surface. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Angle of incidence – the angle between a ray that strikes a surface and the line perpendicular to that surface at the point of contact. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Angle of reflection – the angle formed by the line perpendicular to the direction in which a reflected ray moves. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Virtual image – an image in which light rays appear to diverge, even though they are not actually focused there; a virtual image cannot be projected on a screen. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Concave spherical mirror – a mirror whose reflecting surface is a segment of the inside of a sphere. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Real image – an image that is formed by the intersection of light rays; a real image can be projected on a screen. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Convex spherical mirror – a mirror whose reflecting surface is an outward-curved segment of a sphere. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Linear polarization – the alignment of electromagnetic waves in such a way that the vibrations of the electric fields in each of the waves are parallel to each other. __// Fluids //__ <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Fluids - material that has the ability to flow and alter their shape in the process. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Mass density the mass per unit volume of a substance <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Buoyant force – the upward force exhorted on an object when submerged or partially submerged in water. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Pressure – the measure of how much force is applied over a given area <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Ideal fluid – a fluid that has no internal friction or viscosity and its incompressible